Monday, May 25, 2020

Eating Disorders Anorexia And Bulimia - 1229 Words

Contrary to popular believe, eating disorders are not a thing of the past. They are unfortunately very prevalent; eating disorders affect up to 30 million Americans and 70 million individuals worldwide. The Renfrew Center Foundation for Eating Disorders, Eating Disorders 101 Guide: A Summary of Issues, Statistics and Resources, published September 2002, revised October 2003, http://www.renfrew.org. What an extremely disturbing fact! With so many people are struggling, why are the differences between anorexia and bulimia so misunderstood by the majority of the population? Anorexia and Bulimia are very severe eating disorders that are described as an unnatural relationship with food. The body of the individual that is diagnosed goes through extreme changes that ultimately cause havoc on the body and its systems. People who often suffer from these disorders tend to be overly concerned with perfection and the attainment of it. They may feel as if they have absolutely no control when it comes to some parts of their lives, so they achieve control through one of these eating disorders. Anorexics and bulimics often use the eating disorder as a way to muddle through problems from the past, as well as those of present times. Any person can have anxieties when it comes to his or her weight however, for anorexics and bulimics, it’s a life altering obsession. The sufferer may be known to become isolated from friends and family, not realizing that the disease affects not only his orShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Anorexia And Bulimia1676 Words   |  7 Pagesreason, many people thought it was wrong of Kate to say such a thing and claimed she was promoting eating disorders. This phrase, although years old, still has influence on young women in today’s society where whether someone eats too much or too little, they are judged. This being said it is no surprise that the leading mental illnesses in America are Anorexia and Bulimia. Both Anorexia and Bulimia are similar in the fact that they are highly popular in today’s world where it seems that physicalRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating, Bulimia, And Anorexia1215 Words   |  5 Pagesof eating disorders such as binge-eating, bulimia, and anorexia. All three eating disorders are very similar, but they are also differ with the issue they cause. Eating disorders can be harmful to a persons’ body because when they keep vomiting, it causes certain parts of the body to deteriorate over time. Each disorder has many symptoms, causes, warning signs, and health problems. All disorders differ with the way they affect people and how the person is treated. Binge-eating disorder consistsRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia1614 Words   |  6 PagesWhat do Anorexia and Bulimia have in common? They are both deadly eating disorders that can cause severe physical and mental health problems. Anorexia is an eating disorder of self- imposed starvation and a mental illness. In fact, anorexia has one of the highest death rates of any mental illness(Gerri FreidKramer, page 15). Bulimia is a mental eating disorder characterized by overeating followed by purging(Gerri Freid Kramer, page 21). People with bulimia are known for self induced vomitingRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia And Bulimia850 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorder: Anorexia and Bulimia Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa is a serious issue in the world today. I feel that the issue of eating disorders does not gain enough attention from society especially because of its relevance to young females. These unhealthy eating habits are a social injustice issue because the various types of media that disperse an unrealistic image of female beauty. Society takes these images as a standard of how a woman should look. Women will go to the extreme to meet thoseRead MoreEating Disorders Such As Bulimia, Binge Eating, And Anorexia1202 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorders such as Bulimia, Binge Eating, and Anorexia are common diagnosis when the subject of eating disorders is discussed. In fact, we hear about these in textbooks, movies, commercials and specific websites when we search for information. There are additional diagnosis which fall into a more selective form of disorders. Diabulimia is an eating disorder selective to insulin dependent individuals diagnosed with Diabetes . Health issues arise that can be very harmful not only due to lackRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, And Binge Eating1453 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States of America 20 million women, and 10 million men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some time in their life. There are three types of eating disorders, Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. Eating disorders can be life-threatening conditions that can affect a person’s physical health, and emotional. Something that serious has people wondering what exactly is causing these people to risk their health on it? One possibility would be social influencesRead MoreAnorexia And Bulimia Are The Most Common Eating Disorders932 Words   |  4 Pages Anorexia and  bulimia are the most common  eating disorders. People with anorexia disorder suffer from a tendency to skip meals, follow unhealthy diets, have abnormal eating habits and are obsessed about weight. Whereas people with bulimia disorder indulge in binge eating or overeating and then resort to purging what they have eaten by vomiting or using laxatives.  Both can be considered as a kind of mental illness that takes a toll on the mental health and self-esteem of people. While these twoRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1303 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing number of cases of eating disorders. According to a National Institute of Mental Health article (Eating Disorders, 2016), an eating disorder is an illness that causes physical disturbance to your everyday diet. A person who is stressed or concerned abo ut their body weight is a sign that he or she might have an eating disorder. Out of all the eating disorders, the two most common are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where people, who are underweightRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1830 Words   |  8 Pagesneeded to be thin. She would do all she can to get thin. She would look in the mirror and see herself as being fat and ugly. So she chooses not to eat or she binge eat and then purge. Now Addie has what is called an eating disorder. An eating disorder is can be described as abnormal eating to alter the body image due to psychological reasons. According to Janet Belsky, it can also be classified as a pathological obsession with getting and staying thin. (Belsky 252) They are associated with a wide rangeRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa2131 Words   |  9 PagesUsing the cases of two eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa), or obesity, one can determine that health and illnesses are just as much of a societal and cultural issue, as they are a medical issue. Eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia are both mental illnesses. Anorexia nervosa involves starving oneself to avoid gaining weight, while bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging to avoid weight gain (Gerber and Macionis 2012). Both of these disorders stem from a fear of

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Reflection Report by using Gibbs Cycle using slipt lamp to examine patient eyes as student nurse in the ophthalmology Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Gibbs Reflective Cycle Description The scenario involves a patient who was complaining of gradual loss of vision in both eyes. The patient also complained of glare from head light when driving. As observed, the patient was also wearing glasses. Feelings As a student nurse in ophthalmology, under the so-called objective structured clinical examination, I feel that there is a need to explore the patient’s complaints in order to assist the physician to come up with an accurate diagnosis pertaining to the patient’s problem and eventually to carry out doctor’s orders as well as to implement client-centered nursing interventions. Evaluation The good thing about the scenario is that the patient was able to verbalize his complaints which can pave the way to a systematic assessment of the patient’s condition. However, the not-so-good aspect of the scenario is that the patient’s complaints are very common to some other eye conditions which might be difficult to distinguish among other disorders, thereby necessitating a closer look at his case. In this regard, the complaints of the patient must be meticulously explored through obtaining a complete ophthalmic history, careful assessment of the patient’s eyes and performing a relevant diagnostic procedure like the slit-lamp examination. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Report by using Gibbs Cycle using slipt lamp to examine patient eyes as student nurse in the ophthalmology or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Analysis As regarded above, obtaining a complete ophthalmic history, careful assessment of the patient’s eyes and performing a relevant diagnostic procedure like the slit-lamp examination are essential aspects in making a sound judgment on the patient’s case. Ophthalmic History According to Vader & Krouse (2001), an ophthalmic history encompasses the obtainment and utilization of the client’s demographic data, current clinical manifestations, past health history or past medical history (PMH), psychosocial history and lifestyle, and family health history. These facts are deemed vital and important because they can certainly assist the health providers to have an accurate evaluation and understanding about the patient’s condition. Demographic data, particularly the age and sex, are important information that nurses must get from the patient since some disorders are closely related to these pertinent data. For example, cataracts and retinal detachment most likely occur as the person ages, and some visual deficits are more common in males than in females (Black, Hawks, & Keenes, 2001). On the other hand, clinical manifestations, or signs and symptoms, such as loss of vision and glare must be suggestive of a particular visual disturbance like gl aucoma or refractive errors.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Rebel W/out A Cause Essay - 871 Words

REBEL WITHOUT A CAUSE nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Rebel Without A Cause is a movie about three troubled, identity-seeking teenagers alienated from the world of their parents (Jim Stark, Judy, and Plato). Each of the movie’s main characters is searching for understanding, companionship, and a sense of belonging, much like most of the teenagers today. Even thought the movie is dated, it depicts the main problems and concerns that teens currently face. This film offers no answers. It merely presents the problems and the viewer is left to ponder how theyll turn out. I could identify with this movie on many levels. And I think that much of the young audiences out there could as well.†¦show more content†¦The reason for this desire is because he feels the need to belong and interact. As a result, he changes his style of dressing to assimilate with the others. Nowadays the majority of the teenagers also feel the urge to comply with the various standards of a certain group to save them from alienation. A perfect example of such a case is clearly visible in the way the majority of teenagers today dress alike. Most of them state that it’s a matter of fashion and style and others say that they just want to be different. The fact of the matter is that the phenomenon of peer-pressure is involved one way or another. What teenagers do not realize is that they all end-up dressing the same exact way as the others, because the others want to be different too. On the other hand, the peer-pressure that teens face today is much more fierce and vicious than the one faced by teens in the 50’s. In our every day life peer-pressure induces teenagers to do drugs and alcohol, sex, and even criminal acts such as vandalism and murder. There are scenes in Rebel Without A Cause such as: kids shooting police officers, kids getting into fights with weapons, kids talking back to their parents and getting slapped in the face, kids running away, and kids not understan ding that they will be able to look back ten years from now and say, â€Å"How stupid of me!† The same types of scenes occur today, but the only difference is that they are beingShow MoreRelatedCuban Revolution: Success or Failure? Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesoverturning Batistas regime and would immediately lose power of the island and the second that they would fail and aside from being imprisoned or executed, at least they would get their cause known throughout Cuba (Goldston). It did not matter to them whether or not they would succeed. They were prepared to die in pursuit (W). When Castro and his followers began their mission, Batistas private police and army soon discovered them. The group was then imprisoned in a small island. That did not stopRead MoreWomen Spies of the Civil War Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagesadministrating to the prisoners in a grimy Richmond jail was assembling classified information for the hated Yankee army? The youngest and most notorious Southern spy was Belle Boyd of Martinsburg, Virginia. She was only seventeen when she took up the cause. Taking advantage of Union soldiers’ gallantry toward a beautiful teenage girl, she served as a courier for the Confederate intelligence service and delivered information on troop size and placement she had picked up from admirers. Belle had excellentRead MoreWhat I Call The Social Constructionist1259 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood. Gendered identity in our society is usually seen as what we do for a job or career. Institutions is where we work, go to school, our family home and communities we live in. 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The power that Nurse Ratched feels against the male patients is similar to the power that Society holds on their people, order and control is essential. Both entities fear individuals whom have original thought, those people cause a threat since they can influence others to think the way they do--control is then lost. Accordingly, McMurphy serves as the character who threatens to break order. Once other patients rise above the haze and follow McMurphy’s stunts, Nurse RatchedRead MoreRelationship Between Greed And Grievance1210 Words   |  5 Pagesargument† The greed and grievances theory provides opposing arguments as to what really are the causes for violent conflict. Scholars have conducted numerous researches on a number of violent conflicts in attempt to analyze to what extent greed or grievances appear to be motivating factors for violent conflicts such as civil wars etc. Those who believe in the greed model trust that rebels draw out a cost and benefit analysis and resort to arms if they greatly believe that violent conflict willRead MoreMosh Song Analysis1731 Words   |  7 Pagestakes the audience into multiple frames of cartoonish symbols. The first frame takes place in a public school at the time of the 9/11 where the school represents the community and the amount of responsibility they hold. The second frame is when Geroge W. Bush is reading a story indicates that he is not part of the community as well as he is not the right response to the 9/11. The third frame represents the three main characters of the song in which e ach character shows a different issue. The first characterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Easter 976 Words   |  4 Pagesoccupied Dublin’s General Post Office, and from its steps, Patrick Pearse read a proclamation of the Irish Republic. The British military responded with force, and the Easter Rising, as it became known, came to an end with the rebels’ surrender on April 29. In England at the time, W. B. Yeats learned about the Rising mostly through newspapers and through letters from his friend and patroness, Lady Gregory. As the British forces imposed martial law and, in early May, executed fifteen of the Rising’s leadersRead MoreThe Edges Of Empathy By Anthony Burgess988 Words   |  4 Pagesorder no more† (Burgess 37). There is no government law or order, only the pecking order on the streets. The gang of boys is stopped by cops whom they mock, then laughing and saying they will never be caught as the cops retreat. Only when his gang rebels against him, beating him and leaving him at the crime scene is there any conviction shown, and it’s only because the burglary had resulted in the death of an old woman. After being convicted and sentenced 14 years, the reader peers into the corruptionRead MoreThe Rise of Filipino Nationalism3515 Words   |  15 PagesSoliman (1574) Lakandula and Soliman decided to rise in arms. They proclaimed their revolt and gathered in Navotas. Cause: Lavezaris’s reversal of Legazpi’s policy of excempting the native rulers from tributes 2. First Pampanga Revolt (1585) Some brave Pampangueà ±o leaders connived w/ the people of Manila and the Borneans. The leaders were arrested abd executed w/out any fair trial. Cause Abuses of the Encomenderos 3. The Tondo/Maharlika conspiracy (1587-88) was a plot against Spanish colonial rule

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Principles of Logistic Management

Question: Provide more detailed discussion and in depth analysis with adequate referencing to the logistics concepts and models. Answer: Introduction The term logistics is related with the physical inflow and outflow of goods and associated services that are beneficial for a company in terms of linking to the external world before and after the production (Kappauf, Lauterbach, and Koch, 2012). In current business environment, the main challenges faced by the manufacturing company are to produce good quality products and distribute the same to final consumer to respond to their changing needs. Effective supply chain management positively supports companies to ensure availability of right material in right quantity, at the right time, and at the right place (Israr and Gangele, 2013). The main purpose of this report is to determine the areas in which the core functional domains and logistics could interface. In addition, this report also aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the current order cycle and inventory management. Concurrently, this report also provides suggestions to improve logistics management by applying the theories an d concepts. The company selected for this report is L'Oreal. L'Oreal operates one business as beauty for more than a period of 100 years and it successfully developed its energy and competencies in this area (L'Oreal, 2015). The company provides its services to men and women worldwide by effectively meeting their beauty desires. In addition, the company is also committed to fulfil its mission and objectives in an ethical and responsible manner. Across the world, a wide range of outstanding brands are developed and marketed by LOral through the use of highly diverged distribution networks (L'Oreal, 2015). It shows that in the success and the development of the company, L'Oreal's supply chain plays an important role. It is also found that around the main business sectors, the company's supply chain is integrated and structured. The company builds three logistics teams such as the sales logistics, industrial logistics, and international logistics to make sure about the effective supply chain management (L'Oreal, 2015). All the logistics teams con sider various factors such as control of cost, service quality, productivity and quality improvement, and flexibility to ensure about the success in complex international environment. The Interfaces The interfaces between the inbound logistics or purchasing and the core functional areas such as production, marketing, and finance and accounting are increasingly become important for organizations in order to ensure firm's long-term business survival (Agrawal, 2003). The coordination among all these functions is also essential to maximize the total value delivered by the organization. In addition, it is also found that interfaces between the logistics and other functional departments is also important to ensure the optimum utilization of an enterprise's resources. For example, the interfaces between the logistics and the marketing function is important to make sure about providing final customer satisfaction. Similarly, to ensure the firm's growth and success, managers at L'Oreal might also focus on maintaining the interfaces between the logistics and other organizational functions (L'Oreal, 2015). There are several areas at L'Oreal such as field warehousing, packaging, forecasts of demand, outbound shipping, and finished goods inventory and post sales parts support in which the logistics and the firm's marketing function might interface (Kappauf, Lauterbach, Koch, 2012). Additionally, to enhance the satisfaction level of end-consumers, the marketing function at the company can interface with logistics. For example, it is necessary that purchasing department has understanding about the needs of final consumers so that the supplier relationships can be developed accordingly to increase the satisfaction level (L'Oreal, 2015). Moreover, in areas like product mix, market research, pricing decisions and promotional activities, the marketing function might interface with the logistics. It would be helpful to ensure better information flow, improved packaging, customer service, and distribution channels. Moreover, in areas like in-plant warehousing, inbound transportation, raw material and work-in-process inventory, and scheduling of material flow, the logistics and the production function might interface (Sople, 2010). In this, the development of a common boundary between logistics and production function can be beneficial to optimize production run length as well as related warehousing costs of storing the raw material, WIP and finished products (Rushton, Croucher, and Baker, 2014). It can also be stated that the interfaces between both can be beneficial to make more cost effective production at L'Oreal. In addition to the marketing and production interfaces, the finance function at L'Oreal might interface with logistics in areas like budgets and allocation of resources (L'Oreal, 2015). It is because the interfaces support in making appropriate budgets for purchasing and allocate resources appropriately. Moreover, the development of common limit between the finance and logistics function can be beneficial to reduce inventory cost, packaging cost, lower production unit costs and meet effectively with different financial needs of the business successfully (Agrawal, 2003). The below diagram shows the interface between the logistics and other organizational functions: It is clear from the above diagram that logistic function at L'Oreal might interface with marketing and production functions in areas like coordination, control conflict resolution, etc. It is also clear that all these functions might also interface with logistic functions to make effective communication link and request for logistic services. Analysis of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Current Order Processing System It is analyzed that current order processing system at L'Oreal is effective and efficient. This success can be evaluated through the data that approx 67 % of UK's women use at least one LOreal product (The Logistics Business, 2016). The logistic business at L'Oreal has the responsibility to attempt a complete review of the process in which the company's luxury product division launched the new products as well as the handling process for sales orders. It is found that a world class consultancy team managed the logistics business at L'Oreal that has practical experience to undertake a detailed analysis and also understand difficult business system (The Logistics Business, 2016). It positively supports to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of the current order processing system. Moreover, it is also analyzed that L'Oreal analyzes key product information through Edicom's CRP flow, in which the main parameters are exchanged via EDI with some of the main trading partners (EDICOM, 2016). Such kind of analysis supports the company to automate the processing of effective provisioning orders as well as make sure about the proper supply at all times to efficiently meet the needs of each centre (The Logistics Business, 2016). But concurrently, it is also assessed that the previous order processing system was associated with some loopholes such as flexibility and suitability of current tools, and the speed at which sales order are processed. The consultancy team at L'Oreal positively supported to overcome all these issues and make the current system more effective and efficient. It is also assessed that L'Oreal uses order management software, which help the company to provide up to date order information in one place that is accessible for each sales employees throughout the company (Nas?r, Sphan, 2015). The use of such systems supports the company in a positive manner to reduce time and cost related to order processing system. For example, it is found that in order to help both beauticians and representatives, portals which include electronic product catalogue to provide demo tips, product info, and training materials are built by L'Oreal (Nas?r, Sphan, 2015). These are beneficial to design and produce products that are demanded and expected by customers. It is because electronic product catalogue include detailed information about product specifications and also product images. Furthermore, it also supported L'Oreal to improve customers satisfaction level as well as customer base. Thus, it shows that although the current order processing system of the company is effective, however in today's global business environment, it is essential for the company to organize regular monitoring and reviews in order to maintain its effectiveness and efficiency level for long-run. It is recommended to L'Oreal that it should manage changes in current order processing system as per changes in the environment and technology development to ensure its long-term success. Additionally, it can also be recommended that the company should regularly update its order management application to better serve customers through centralized order instrumentation (Nas?r, Sphan, 2015). It is also recommended that L'Oreal should effectively integarte the order management application into the order process to overcome issues related to speed and reduce delivery time. Analysis of the Effectiveness of Current Inventory Management It is analyzed that after standardizing the raw material supply processes and packaging in Europe, a supply chain cockpit was developed by L'Oreal that considers organizational KPIs and targets. It is evaluated that as a part of supply chain information system, the cockpit is connected with production planning information among 13 European plants (Jacoby, 2010). Additionally, the inventory visibility of the cockpit was also extended by linking it to over 100 suppliers through the use of both direct data exchange and a web portal from the ERP system's of the suppliers to its own. The use of this supply chain cockpit is effective to efficiently manage the inventory across the L'Oreal different branches worldwide. At the same time, it is also assessed that dissimilar to L' Oreal's competitors, the company does not implement the JIT (Just in time) stock management system (Sople, 2009). In contrast, it follows an approach to keep one month's inventory at the CFA level in the month's opening and another one month's inventory at the warehouse. It is evalauted that the use of this approach increases the company's inventory holding cost (Sople, 2009). In addition, it also causes improper forecasting resulting in lower performance as compared to other competitors. Thus, it shows that it is essential for L'Oreal to improve forecasts in order to reduce the company's inventory holding costs and increase the profit margins. In contrary, it is analyzed that the use of advance technologies such as CRP/VMI supports the company to optimize stocks as well as good delivery at point-of-sale (EDICOM, 2016). Additionally, it is also assessed that regular analysis via EDI also positively supported the company to maintain adequate inventory levels. Concurrently, it is also found that L'Oreal also uses a supply chain index methodology, which is beneficial to estimate supply chain improvemet resulting in enhancing return on invested capital and manage the cost effectively (Cecere, 2015). Concurrently, it is also found that L'Oreal developed a solution as integrated solution for industrial systems (ISIS), which is beneficial to effectively manage order management, inventory management and real-time material movement (L'Oreal, 2015). Moreover, it is also evaluated that the implementation of OM and ERP solutions together helped L'Oreal to reduce both risk and cost related to manage inventory. It is assessed that this system positively supports the company to effectively manage the current inventory level. But, at the same time, it is also evaluated that to manage a structured supply chain on an international level, it is essential that all the inventory management systems operate on real-time basis. Thus, it is recommended that the company should focus on aligning the needs of logistic function, manufacturing function and inventory management (Israr and Gangele, 2013). Additionally, it should also focus on implementing real-time applications that are available 24*7 in o rder to ensure the effective management of the inventory and ensure firm's long-term survival, growth and success. Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be concluded that the interface of logistics with other organizational functions is beneficial to make sure about the optimum utilization of resources, enhance total value delivered, and provide business growth and long-run survivability. It can be stated that to reduce the production cost, enhance customer satisfaction, make effective budgets, and allocate business resources effectively, there is need to set common boundaries for logistics and different business functions including production, marketing, and finance. Moreover, it can also be summarized that at L'Oreal in different areas like customer satisfaction and service, budgets, allocation of resources, and raw material handling, and other processes, the logistics function might interface with other functions. It can also be stated that current order processing system and inventory management processes at L'Oreal are effective and efficient. In this, it is analyzed that the use of advance technological systems, software and solutions such as ISIS, ERP, OM, etc. assist the managers at the company in an effective manner to reduce cost, manage risk and gain other benefits. But, at the same time, there are some challenges such as speed, complex business nature and changing customers' needs. Thus, to effectively meet with all these challenges, it is recommended to the company that it should focus on implementing real-time application software that works 24*7 and supports in reducing the inventory handling cost. It is also recommended that L'Oreal should also implement continuous review and monitoring programs to ensure the success of order processing and inventory management systems and tools. References Agrawal, D. K. (2003) Textbook of Logistics and Supply Chain Management. UK: Macmillan. Cecere, L. (2015) LOral: A Beautiful Supply Chain. Israr, M., and Gangele, A. (2013) Logistics across the Functional Areas Logistics Considerations in System Life Cycle. International Journal of Advance Industrial Engineering, 1(3), pp 48-53. Jacoby, D. (2010) The Economist Guide To Supply Chain Management. Profile Books. Kappauf, J., Lauterbach, B. and Koch, M. (2012) Logistic Core Operations with SAP: Inventory Management, Warehousing, Transportation, and Compliance. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Nas?r, Sphan (2015) Customer Relationship Management Strategies in the Digital Era. UK: IGI Global. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P. (2014) The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management: Understanding the Supply Chain.